RUNE
An overview of the asset and its four key roles.
Overview
RUNE is the asset which powers the THORChain ecosystem and provides the economic incentives required to secure the network. RUNE has four key roles which are described below.
Liquidity (as a settlement asset)
Security (as a sybil-resistant mechanism, and a means for driving economic behaviour)
Governance (signalling priority on-chain)
Incentives (paying out rewards, charging fees, subsidising gas)
An introduction to RUNE and its roles is here.
1. Liquidity
Transmitting Purchasing Power
Since RUNE is pooled 50:50 alongside external assets in its pools, when the value of those assets increase/decrease, the RUNE pooled will also increase/decrease by being arbed out or in. The RUNE unit value may not change, but the quantity of RUNE in the pool does. This means the system is always aware of the value of the assets it is trying to secure - it's simply the quantity of RUNE in all its pools.
Once it is aware of the value of the assets it is securing, it can use incentives to ensure security of those assets.
A rule of thumb is for every $1m in multi-chain assets pooled in liquidity pools, $1m of RUNE is required to be pooled along side. Due to a mechanism called the Incentive Pendulum, $2m in RUNE will be driven to be bonded. Thus, $1m in main-chain assets will cause the total value of RUNE to be $3m in an equilibrium. Thus liquidity pools have a positive effect on the monetary base of RUNE.
Providing Liquidity Incentives
Since RUNE is the pooled asset, incentives can be paid directly into each pool. This extra capital is owned by the liquidity providers, and over time, slowly "purchases" the paired asset via arbitrage. Thus RUNE liquidity incentives can drive real yield to LPs.
Solving O(n^2) Problem
Without a native settlement currency, each asset would need to be pooled with every other asset, which would eventually result in hundreds of new pools to be created for just one new asset, diluting liquidity. Having RUNE as the base pair allows any asset to be guaranteed to swap between any other asset.
No. of Assets (eg. BTC, ETH) | No. of Pools (Arbitrary Pairs) | No. of Pools (RUNE Pairs) |
n | pools = (n*(n-1))/2 | pools = n |
12 | 66 | 12 |
24 | 276 | 24 |
100 | 4950 | 100 |
2. Security
Sybil-resistance
Sybil-resistance refers to the ability to prevent someone masquerading as many identities in order to overcome a network. Bitcoin uses Proof-of-Work (one-cpu-one-vote) to prevent a network take-over. Ethereum 2.0 will use Proof-of-Stake (32-eth-one-vote) to prevent a network take-over.
THORChain is a Proof of Bond network instead. THORNodes commit a bond in order to be churned in. However, this bond isn't just used to identify a node (give them a voting slot), it is used to underwrite the assets in the pools. If the node attempts to steal assets, then their bond is deducted to the amount of the assets they stole (1.5x), and the pools are made whole. Additionally, if nodes misbehave their bond is slashed, ensuring reliable service.
Underwriting Assets
The Incentive Pendulum ensures that Nodes are incentivised to continually buy and bond enough Rune each time to maximise their gains - which is a maximum when there is 67% of RUNE bonded and 33% pooled in pools. If the pools are holding $100m in capital, then the value of RUNE in the aggregate bond is $200m. Thus all assets can be underwritten.
The bond is extremely liquid - any RUNE holder can immediately enter or exit their position since RUNE is the settlement asset in all pools. Thus, when a node churns in, the cost basis of their bond is known to them and not an arbitrary figure. This means a node bonding $1m in RUNE will never contemplate making a decision to steal <$1m in capital from the network, else they will lose overall.
3. Governance
LPS: Signalling Priority for Assets
While THORChain strives to be governance-minimal, there are some parts of the protocol that use committed capital to signal priority. This is the case for the asset listing process, where every few days a new asset can be listed as a pool. In a queue of standby assets, the one with the deepest commitment of RUNE is the one that is listed first.
LPs: Signalling Priority for Chains
Additionally, if a connected chain is no longer economically valuable, then all liquidity providers in that chain can leave. If a pool is empty, it will be delisted, and this will cause the network to immediately sever ties with that chain in a process call a "ragnarok".
One-Node-One-Vote
THORNodes each occupy one of the 100 slots in the system can can vote on changing network parameters using a mechanism called node-mimir.
4. Incentives
Fees
RUNE is the native currency of THORChain and is consumed as transaction fees on the network. All swaps are charged both a fixed network fee, as well as a dynamic slip-based fee. This prevents various attack paths such as denial-of-service attacks, as well as sandwich attacks on a pool. Learn more about fees here:
pageFeesSubsidising Gas
The network continually consumes gas as it makes outgoing transactions (as well as internal transactions). Gas on networks such as Bitcoin and Ethereum becomes complicated fast, so THORChain doesn't make much of an effort to track every minutia of gas consumed. Instead, nodes are free to use at-will the base assets BNB.BNB, ETH.ETH, BTC.BTC, etc in order to pay for gas. These assets are used directly from the vaults. THORChain then observes outgoing transactions, reports on the gas used, and then pays back the liquidity providers in those pools to the value of twice the amount of gas used (in RUNE).
Paying out Emissions
After fees are charged and gas is subsidised, then THORChain computes the block reward, divides it based on the Incentive Pendulum algorithm, and then pays out to Bonders and Liquidity providers.
This drives Nodes to bond the optimal amount, and pays Liquidity providers for their contribution of liquidity.
Learn about the Incentive Pendulum here:
pageIncentive PendulumDeterministic Value of RUNE
In addition to the roles mentioned above, RUNE’s price has two factors; 1 a deterministic value based on the liquidity within the network and 2; a speculative premium.
This 2:1 bond:stake ratio, combined with the 1:1 pool ratio, means that the amount of RUNE needed in the network is three times the amount of the non-RUNE assets locked. Thus, if $1,000,000 worth of non-Rune tokens are staked in THORChain, the market cap of RUNE will be at least $3,000,000. And like any token, stock, or asset in the world of finance, speculation around future value encourages additional upward price pressure.
The 3:1 ratio is just the minimum or the deterministic value of RUNE.
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